Prescription in Quebec Civil Law

Overview

Prescription (prescription) is the mechanism through which the passage of time produces legal effects: it may confer a right or extinguish an obligation. Art. 2875 CCQ provides the general description: prescription is a means of acquiring or being released by the lapse of time and according to the conditions determined by law. The Civil Code of Quebec (Code civil du Quebec) groups all rules on prescription in Book Eight (arts. 2875 to 2933 CCQ), under three titles: rules common to acquisitive and extinctive prescription, rules specific to acquisitive prescription, and rules specific to extinctive prescription. The current regime represents a significant simplification of the prior law, reducing limitation periods and harmonizing the applicable principles.

Learning Objectives

• Define acquisitive prescription (prescription acquisitive) and extinctive prescription (prescription extinctive) and distinguish their conditions, time limits, and effects.
• Identify the circumstances in which a right or thing is imprescriptible (art. 2876 CCQ).
• Explain the mechanisms of renunciation (renonciation), interruption, and suspension and distinguish their effects on time already elapsed.
• Apply the rules for computing time limits (art. 2879 CCQ) and determine the starting point of extinctive prescription according to the nature of the action.
• Distinguish a limitation period (delai de prescription) from a forfeiture period (delai de decheance) and identify the practical consequences of the distinction (art. 2878 CCQ).
• Analyse the time limits for extinctive prescription (arts. 2922, 2925, 2926.1 CCQ) and the protective rules for bodily injury claims (art. 2930 CCQ).

Key Concepts and Definitions

• Prescription (prescription): a means of acquiring a right or being released from an obligation through the lapse of time (art. 2875 CCQ).
• Acquisitive prescription (prescription acquisitive): a means of acquiring ownership or a dismemberment of ownership through the effect of possession (art. 2910 CCQ).
• Extinctive prescription (prescription extinctive): a means of extinguishing a right through non-use or of raising a peremptory exception against an action (art. 2921 CCQ).
• Limitation period (delai de prescription): the period at the end of which prescription takes effect. The court may not supply of its own motion the defence of prescription (art. 2878, para. 1 CCQ).
• Forfeiture period (delai de decheance): a period of public order whose expiry extinguishes the right itself. The court must declare forfeiture of its own motion (art. 2878, para. 2 CCQ).
• Interruption (interruption): an event that destroys the time already elapsed and causes a new period of the same duration to begin (arts. 2889 to 2903 CCQ).
• Suspension (suspension): a temporary halt in the computation of the time limit, without loss of the time already elapsed (arts. 2904 to 2909 CCQ).
• Renunciation (renonciation): a unilateral abdicative act by which the beneficiary of prescription abandons the right or the benefit of time elapsed (arts. 2883 to 2888 CCQ).
• Useful possession (possession utile): the factual exercise of a real right in a peaceful, continuous, public, and unequivocal manner (arts. 921, 922 CCQ).
• Superior force (force majeure): an external, irresistible, and unforeseeable event (art. 1470 CCQ).

The General Regime of Prescription

The rules common to both acquisitive and extinctive prescription are found at arts. 2875 to 2909 CCQ. They establish the domain of prescriptibility, the universal character of prescription, the distinction between prescription and forfeiture, the computation of time limits, and the mechanisms of renunciation, interruption, and suspension.

The Domain of Prescriptibility

The Civil Code of Quebec adopts the principle of prescriptibility: everything not declared imprescriptible may be prescribed. Art. 2876 CCQ delineates the scope of imprescriptibility:

"That which is not an object of commerce, not transferable or not susceptible of appropriation, by nature or by destination, is imprescriptible."

Prescriptibility depends on the character of the thing, not on the quality of its owner. The following are imprescriptible: things that are not objects of commerce (extra-patrimonial rights, personality rights, fundamental freedoms); common things not susceptible of appropriation by reason of their public utility (air, water, property of the State, property of legal persons governed by public law: art. 916 CCQ); and property devoted to a use that places it outside commerce (sacred property, cemeteries). Certain actions are also imprescriptible by nature, such as negatory actions in servitude aimed at halting the aggravation of a flow of waters.

Erga Omnes Effect

Art. 2877 CCQ provides that prescription runs in favour of or against all persons, including the State, subject to express provisions of law. The term "State" includes municipalities and public institutions. This universal principle is tempered by legislative exceptions, including those at arts. 2904 and following CCQ (grounds of suspension in favour of certain persons).

Prescription and Forfeiture

Art. 2878 CCQ entrenches the distinction between limitation periods and forfeiture periods. The court may not supply of its own motion the defence resulting from prescription: the party must plead it. By contrast, the court must declare of its own motion the forfeiture of a remedy where statute provides for it. Forfeiture is not presumed; it results from an express text.

The practical distinction rests on two factors: (1) prescription is susceptible of interruption and suspension, whereas forfeiture is not; (2) prescription must be pleaded to produce its effect, whereas forfeiture is raised by the court of its own motion. On the plane of effects, extinctive prescription does not extinguish the substantive right: it merely prevents the holder from asserting it in court. Forfeiture, by contrast, extinguishes the right itself. The Code provides for several instances of forfeiture, including at arts. 380, 435, 436, 967, 1022, 1103, 1117, 1635, 1742, 1753, 1837, and 2050 CCQ.

Computation of Time Limits

Art. 2879 CCQ sets out the rules:

"Prescription is reckoned by full days. The day on which prescription begins to run is not counted. Prescription is acquired only when the last day of the time limit has elapsed. Where the last day is a Saturday or a holiday, prescription is acquired only on the following business day."

The time limit is computed in full days, without regard to the hour. The day of the generating event (dies a quo) is excluded from the count. Prescription is acquired at the end of the final day (dies ad quem), provided it is not a Saturday or holiday; otherwise, the period extends to the next business day.

Starting Point of Prescription

Art. 2880 CCQ states the general rule: dispossession fixes the starting point for acquisitive prescription; the day the right of action arises fixes the starting point for extinctive prescription.

In extra-contractual civil liability (responsabilite civile extracontractuelle), when fault (faute) and injury (prejudice) are contemporaneous, the starting point is the date of the injurious event. Where a period elapses between the fault and the manifestation of injury, art. 2926 CCQ provides that prescription runs from the date on which the injury first becomes apparent. This rule rests on a core rationale: the holder of a right cannot be penalized for negligent inaction before learning of the right's existence.

The mere act of consulting a lawyer on the basis of suspicions is not sufficient to give rise to a right of action and does not constitute the starting point of prescription.

For obligations with a suspensive term (art. 1508 CCQ), prescription begins to run only upon the arrival of the future and certain event contemplated by the contract.

Opposability and Imprescriptibility of Defences

Art. 2881 CCQ provides that prescription may be pleaded at any stage of the proceedings, including on appeal, unless the party has clearly manifested an intention to renounce it. The Quebec Court of Appeal (Cour d'appel) has specified that a prescription argument may not be raised so late as to prevent the opposing party from adducing contrary evidence.

Art. 2882 CCQ establishes a counterbalance: even if the time limit for asserting a right by direct action has expired, that right may still be invoked as a defence, provided it could have constituted a valid defence at the time it could still have grounded a direct action. If the defence is upheld, it does not revive the prescribed direct action. The Court of Appeal has given a broad and liberal interpretation to this provision.

Renunciation, Interruption, and Suspension

These three mechanisms are common to both acquisitive and extinctive prescription. They differ in their nature and in their effects on time already elapsed.

Renunciation is a voluntary act of the beneficiary of prescription. Interruption and suspension follow from the operation of law. Interruption destroys the time already elapsed and initiates a new period. Suspension temporarily halts the running of the period without erasing the time already accrued.

Renunciation

Arts. 2883 to 2888 CCQ strictly regulate renunciation.

Prohibition of advance renunciation. Art. 2883 CCQ prohibits advance renunciation of prescription. It is permissible to renounce prescription already acquired (which resets the clock and starts a new period of the same duration: art. 2888 CCQ) or to renounce the benefit of time elapsed where prescription is in progress (which constitutes a cause of interruption).

Prohibition of modifying time limits. Art. 2884 CCQ, a provision of public order, prohibits agreements for a period of prescription other than that provided by law. This rule definitively resolves a controversy under the prior law, which had permitted the extension of limitation periods.

Form of renunciation. Art. 2885 CCQ provides that renunciation may be express or tacit. Tacit renunciation results from an act that presupposes the abandonment of the acquired right. Renunciation of prescription acquired with respect to immovable real rights must be published at the Land Registry Office (Bureau de la publicite fonciere), which necessarily requires a writing.

Capacity. Art. 2886 CCQ provides that a person who may not alienate may not renounce prescription already acquired. Since renunciation is a dispositive act, only a person with the capacity to alienate may consent to it.

Protection of third parties. Art. 2887 CCQ permits any person having an interest in the acquisition of prescription to invoke it, even where the debtor or possessor renounces it. Creditors may thus oppose a prejudicial renunciation when it creates or aggravates the debtor's insolvency at a time subsequent to the creation of the debt.

Interruption

Art. 2889 CCQ distinguishes two types of interruption: natural interruption and civil interruption.

Natural interruption. For acquisitive prescription, natural interruption occurs when the possessor is deprived, for more than one year, of the enjoyment of the property (art. 2890 CCQ). For extinctive prescription, natural interruption occurs when the holder of a right, having failed to exercise it, subsequently does so (art. 2891 CCQ).

Civil interruption. Art. 2892 CCQ provides that civil interruption results from the filing of a judicial demand (demande en justice) before the expiry of the time limit, provided it is served on the person sought to be prevented from prescribing no later than 60 days after the expiry of the time limit. The concept of "judicial demand" includes cross-demands, interventions, seizures, oppositions, demands filed in another country, notices of intention to submit to arbitration, and notices of dispute (art. 2892, para. 2 CCQ). A demand by a creditor to share in a distribution also constitutes a civil interruption (art. 2893 CCQ).

The following do not constitute a judicial demand: the 60-day notice, the prior notice of exercise of a hypothecary right, and the demand letter (mise en demeure). Bankruptcy does not interrupt prescription, unless it is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the debt.

Acknowledgement and renunciation of time elapsed. Art. 2898 CCQ adds that the acknowledgement of a right and renunciation of the benefit of time elapsed are causes of interruption.

Loss of interruption. Interruption resulting from a judicial demand is lost where the demand is dismissed, where the plaintiff discontinues the entire demand, or where peremption of suit occurs (art. 2894 CCQ). Art. 2895 CCQ grants the plaintiff an additional period of three months to assert the right, from the service of a judgement rendered without a decision on the merits, where the limitation period was expired or was to expire within less than three months at the time of the judgement.

Relative effects of interruption. Interruption resulting from a judicial demand continues until the judgement acquires the authority of a final judgement (res judicata) or until a transaction between the parties (art. 2896 CCQ). Interruption against the principal debtor or surety produces its effects with respect to both (art. 2899 CCQ). In matters of solidary or indivisible obligations, interruption with respect to one creditor or debtor benefits all (art. 2900 CCQ). In matters of divisible joint obligations, interruption with respect to one creditor or debtor has no effect on the others (art. 2901 CCQ). After interruption, prescription recommences for the same period of time (art. 2903 CCQ).

Suspension

Suspension differs from interruption in its effects: time already elapsed before the suspension is preserved. When the cause of suspension ceases, computation resumes from the point at which it stopped.

Art. 2904 CCQ recognises only one cause of suspension: the factual impossibility of acting (impossibilite en fait d'agir), whether by oneself or through representation. This impossibility must result from an irresistible situation (physical or psychological incapacity, ignorance of the identity of the person at fault, ignorance of the nature of the injury). Ignorance of the law does not constitute an impossibility of acting. The impossibility ceases when all the constitutive elements of the right of action become objectively ascertainable. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that a psychological state of fear caused by the defendant's fault may suspend prescription.

Legislative applications:

• Prescription does not run against an unborn child (art. 2905 CCQ).
• Prescription does not run against a minor or a person of full age under tutorship or a protection mandate with respect to remedies against their representative or the person responsible for their custody, or with respect to remedies for bodily injury resulting from an act that may constitute a criminal offence (art. 2905, para. 2 CCQ, as amended in 2013).
• Prescription does not run between married or civil union spouses during common life (art. 2906 CCQ).
• Prescription does not run against the heir with respect to claims against the succession (art. 2907 CCQ).
• In class action proceedings, suspension takes effect in accordance with art. 2908 CCQ.
• For solidary and indivisible claims, suspension produces the same effects as interruption (art. 2909 CCQ).

Acquisitive Prescription

Acquisitive prescription (prescription acquisitive) is a means of acquiring ownership or a dismemberment of ownership through the effect of possession (art. 2910 CCQ). The rules relating to possession, formerly dispersed throughout the title on prescription in the prior code, are now consolidated in the Book on Property (arts. 921 to 933 CCQ).

Conditions of Exercise

Acquisitive prescription requires useful possession (possession utile), that is, possession conforming to the conditions established in the Book on Property (art. 2911 CCQ). Possession is defined as the factual exercise of a real right of which one intends to be the holder (art. 921 CCQ). It must be peaceful, continuous, public, and unequivocal (art. 922 CCQ). Promiscuous (non-exclusive) possession is equivocal. Mere tolerance cannot serve as a basis for prescription (art. 924 CCQ).

Joinder and continuation of possession. A successor by particular title may add to their possession that of their predecessors to complete prescription. A universal or general successor continues the possession of their predecessor (art. 2912 CCQ). Successors do not suffer from defects in the possession of their predecessor (art. 926, para. 2 CCQ).

Detention. Detention cannot serve as a basis for prescription, even where it continues beyond the agreed term (art. 2913 CCQ). A holder in detention holds on behalf of another and is presumed to retain that quality unless there is an inversion of title (art. 923 CCQ).

Inversion of title. Art. 2914 CCQ permits a precarious title to be converted into useful possession through a title from a third party or through an act of the holder incompatible with precariousness. Prescription runs from the moment the true owner becomes aware of the new title or of the holder's act.

Third parties and substitutions. Third parties may prescribe against the owner during a dismemberment or precariousness (art. 2915 CCQ). The institute of a substitution and their universal or general successors may not prescribe against the substitute before the opening of the substitution (art. 2916 CCQ).

Time Limits for Acquisitive Prescription

Immovables. The general time limit is ten years (art. 2917 CCQ), whether the possessor is in good or bad faith. This period replaced the former thirty-year prescription. In Ostiguy c. Allie, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that the judgement contemplated by art. 2918 CCQ is declaratory in nature: prescription alone is attributive of the right of ownership. Acquisitive prescription operates without regard to rights entered in the Land Register (Registre foncier).

Movables. A possessor in good faith acquires ownership of a movable after three years from the dispossession of the owner (art. 2919 CCQ). The owner may revendicate the movable during this period, unless it was acquired under judicial authority. Good faith must exist at the time of acquisition (art. 2920, para. 1 CCQ). A possessor in bad faith prescribes only after ten years (art. 2917 CCQ). The rule extends to both corporeal and incorporeal movables.

Extinctive Prescription

Extinctive prescription (prescription extinctive) is a means of extinguishing a right through non-use or of raising a peremptory exception against an action (art. 2921 CCQ). Three rationales underpin the institution: social peace (crystallizing legal situations), the penalization of negligence (barring those who fail to assert their rights within a reasonable time), and a presumption of payment (the increasing difficulty of proof over time).

Time Limits for Extinctive Prescription

Common-law period: ten years. Art. 2922 CCQ fixes the common-law time limit at ten years, replacing the former thirty-year prescription.

Immovable real rights: ten years. Art. 2923 CCQ subjects actions to enforce an immovable real right to a ten-year limitation. The action to preserve or obtain possession of an immovable must be brought within one year of the disturbance or dispossession (art. 2923, para. 2 CCQ).

Personal rights and movable real rights: three years. Art. 2925 CCQ provides a three-year time limit for actions to enforce a personal right or a movable real right. The Code no longer distinguishes between contractual and extra-contractual remedies. The action for bodily injury or death prescribes after three years, compared to one year under the prior code.

Rights resulting from a judgement: ten years (art. 2924 CCQ), including arrears of support.

One-year limitation. Art. 2928 CCQ prescribes one year for the surviving spouse's claim for a compensatory allowance. Art. 2929 CCQ prescribes one year for actions based on an injury to reputation. Possessory actions also prescribe after one year (art. 2923, para. 2 CCQ).

Special regime for criminal offences and violence (art. 2926.1 CCQ). The action in reparation of bodily injury resulting from an act that may constitute a criminal offence prescribes after ten years from the day the victim becomes aware that the injury is attributable to the act. The action is imprescriptible where the injury results from violence suffered during childhood, sexual violence, or conjugal violence. Conversion therapy within the meaning of the applicable statute constitutes a form of violence suffered during childhood.

Art. 2926.1, para. 2 CCQ provides that the action against the heir or particular legatee of the perpetrator must be brought within three years of the death, subject to forfeiture, unless the defendant is sued for personal fault or as an employer (commettant). Arts. 2905 and 2926.1 CCQ, as amended, are not retroactive; they apply to persons who, from 23 May 2013 onward, become aware of the link between the wrongful act and the injury. However, victims of sexual aggression or of violence suffered during childhood or conjugal violence whose action was dismissed before 12 June 2020 solely because prescription had been acquired may bring a new proceeding within three years of that date, subject to the conditions set out by statute.

Starting Point of the Extinctive Time Limit

Art. 2880 CCQ provides that the day the right of action arises fixes the starting point of extinctive prescription. Several provisions specify this rule according to the nature of the remedy.

Gradual or latent injury. Art. 2926 CCQ provides that the time limit runs from the day the injury first becomes apparent. In the case of a continuing obligation, repeated non-performance continually postpones prescription and gives rise to new causes of action.

Bodily injury resulting from a criminal offence. The time limit runs from the day the victim becomes aware that the injury is attributable to the act in question (art. 2926.1 CCQ).

Nullity of contract. The time limit runs from the day the cause of nullity becomes known to the invoking party or from the cessation of violence or fear (art. 2927 CCQ).

Compensatory allowance. The time limit runs from the death of the spouse (art. 2928 CCQ).

Injury to reputation. The time limit runs from the day the defamed person becomes aware of the injury (art. 2929 CCQ).

Obligation of successive performance. The time limit runs from the day the obligation becomes exigible (art. 2932 CCQ).

Contract of enterprise. For a work, prescription runs from the completion of the work (art. 2116 CCQ).

Protection for Bodily Injury Claims (art. 2930 CCQ)

Art. 2930 CCQ, a provision of public order, provides that where an action is based on the obligation to make reparation for bodily injury, no requirement for prior notice and no time limit shorter than three years imposed by a special statute may defeat the limitation period provided by the Code. This provision displaces the short time limits imposed by certain municipal statutes (such as the 15-day notice under the Cities and Towns Act). In Dore c. Ville de Verdun, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that art. 2930 CCQ takes precedence over the provisions of the Cities and Towns Act (Loi sur les cites et villes) when the action is based on the obligation to make reparation for bodily injury.

Time Limits in Special Statutes

Numerous special statutes prescribe time limits distinct from those of the Civil Code. The diligent practitioner must verify the applicable time limit for each contemplated recourse. Examples include:

• Automobile Insurance Act (Loi sur l'assurance automobile, RLRQ, c. A-25): art. 11 (3 years), art. 83.45 (60 days), art. 142 (1 year), art. 148 (60 days)
• Labour Code (Code du travail, RLRQ, c. C-27): art. 71 (6 months)
• Act respecting Collective Agreement Decrees (Loi sur les decrets de convention collective, RLRQ, c. D-2): art. 28 (1 year)
• Press Act (Loi sur la presse, RLRQ, c. P-19): art. 2 (3 months)
• Building Act (Loi sur le batiment, RLRQ, c. B-1.1): art. 212 (3 years)
• Act respecting Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases (RLRQ, c. A-3.001): art. 443 (6 months)
• Act respecting Labour Standards (Loi sur les normes du travail, RLRQ, c. N-1.1): art. 7 (2 years)
• Cities and Towns Act (Loi sur les cites et villes, RLRQ, c. C-19): arts. 585, 586 (15 days and 6 months)

Practice Checklist

Identifying the applicable time limit

• Verify whether the action is subject to a time limit in a special statute (labour statutes, municipal statutes, Automobile Insurance Act).
• Failing that, apply the time limits of the Civil Code: 3 years for personal rights and movable real rights (art. 2925 CCQ), 10 years for immovable real rights (art. 2923 CCQ) and the common-law period (art. 2922 CCQ).
• Distinguish the limitation period from a forfeiture period (art. 2878 CCQ).
• Verify whether bodily injury resulting from a criminal offence triggers art. 2926.1 CCQ (10 years or imprescriptibility).

Determining the starting point

• Identify the event giving rise to the right of action (art. 2880 CCQ).
• Where injury is gradual or latent, apply art. 2926 CCQ (first manifestation).
• Where a criminal offence is involved, apply art. 2926.1 CCQ (awareness of the link between injury and act).
• Verify whether a ground of suspension (art. 2904 CCQ) or interruption (arts. 2892 to 2898 CCQ) affects the computation.

Protective mechanisms

• A judicial demand filed before the expiry of the time limit interrupts prescription, provided it is served within the following 60 days (art. 2892 CCQ).
• Where a demand is dismissed without a decision on the merits, an additional three-month period is granted (art. 2895 CCQ).
• For bodily injury claims, invoke art. 2930 CCQ to displace time limits shorter than three years and prior notice requirements.

Acquisitive prescription

• Confirm that possession meets the criteria for useful possession (peaceful, continuous, public, unequivocal: art. 922 CCQ).
• Immovables: 10-year period, regardless of good or bad faith (art. 2917 CCQ). Declaratory judgement required (art. 2918 CCQ).
• Movables: 3-year period if good faith (art. 2919 CCQ), 10 years if bad faith (art. 2917 CCQ).

Glossary

• Acquisitive prescription (prescription acquisitive): a means of acquiring ownership or a dismemberment through the effect of possession (art. 2910 CCQ).
• Civil interruption (interruption civile): interruption resulting from a juridical act, such as the filing of a judicial demand (art. 2892 CCQ).
• Computation: the calculation of time limits, governed by art. 2879 CCQ. The day of the generating event is excluded; prescription is acquired at the end of the last day of the period.
• Dies a quo: the day of the generating event of prescription, excluded from the computation (art. 2879 CCQ).
• Dies ad quem: the last day of the limitation period, the elapsing of which acquires prescription.
• Extinctive prescription (prescription extinctive): a means of extinguishing a right through non-use or of raising a peremptory exception (art. 2921 CCQ).
• Factual impossibility of acting (impossibilite en fait d'agir): the sole cause of suspension of prescription under art. 2904 CCQ.
• Forfeiture (decheance): the loss of the right itself upon expiry of a period of public order. The court declares it of its own motion (art. 2878, para. 2 CCQ).
• Inversion of title (interversion de titres): the conversion of a precarious title into useful possession (art. 2914 CCQ).
• Joinder of possession (jonction de la possession): the right of a successor by particular title to add their possession to that of their predecessors (art. 2912 CCQ).
• Limitation period (delai de prescription): the period after which a right may no longer be asserted in court.
• Natural interruption (interruption naturelle): interruption resulting from material facts (art. 2889 CCQ).
• Renunciation (renonciation): a unilateral abdicative act by which the beneficiary of prescription abandons the benefit of time elapsed or the acquired right (arts. 2883 to 2888 CCQ).
• Suspension (suspension): a temporary halt in the running of the period without loss of time already elapsed (arts. 2904 to 2909 CCQ).
• Useful possession (possession utile): peaceful, continuous, public, and unequivocal possession capable of grounding acquisitive prescription (arts. 921, 922 CCQ).

References and Further Reading

• Civil Code of Quebec: arts. 153, 380, 435, 436, 595, 684, 899, 916, 921 to 933, 967, 1022, 1103, 1117, 1470, 1508, 1615, 1635, 1742, 1753, 1837, 2050, 2116, 2875 to 2933 CCQ.
• Code of Civil Procedure: arts. 168, 206 et seq.
• Consumer Protection Act (Loi sur la protection du consommateur, RLRQ, c. P-40.1).
• Automobile Insurance Act (Loi sur l'assurance automobile, RLRQ, c. A-25).
• Cities and Towns Act (Loi sur les cites et villes, RLRQ, c. C-19).
• Act respecting Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases (RLRQ, c. A-3.001).
• Act respecting Labour Standards (Loi sur les normes du travail, RLRQ, c. N-1.1).
• Case law: Ostiguy c. Allie (SCC, 2017); Dore c. Ville de Verdun (SCC); Vigeant c. Malo (S.C., 1936).
• Doctrine: Baudouin, Jean-Louis; Pineau, Jean; Lamontagne, Denys-Claude; Frenette, Francois; Martineau, Pierre (treatise on prescription).

Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Quebec civil law may evolve through legislation and judicial interpretation. For advice on a specific situation, consult a qualified Quebec lawyer or notary.